How To Do An Ils Approach Without Gps

Pre-flight Preparation

Before attempting an ILS approach without GPS, thorough preparation is crucial. This process involves gathering accurate information and planning every aspect of the approach to ensure safety and efficiency.

Initial Planning

Begin by obtaining the latest weather forecast and NOTAMs to assess any potential hazards or limitations that may affect the approach. Gather all necessary charts, approach plates, and airport diagrams to familiarize yourself with the airfield layout, runway orientation, and approach procedures.

Review the approach plate thoroughly, paying attention to the minimum altitudes, course intercepts, and missed approach procedures. Note any specific aircraft performance requirements or restrictions indicated on the plate.

Calculate your aircraft’s performance, such as approach speeds, descent rates, and power settings, based on the aircraft’s weight and configuration. Ensure you have a reliable method of determining distance and altitude, such as a DME or an altimeter with a known calibration.

Task	Resources
Obtain weather forecast and NOTAMs	Weather websites, NOTAM services
Gather charts and diagrams	Airport websites, aviation databases
Review approach plate	Approach plate library
Calculate aircraft performance	Performance charts, flight planning software
Establish distance and altitude measurement methods	DME, altimeter calibration

Establishing Radio Contact

Before you begin an ILS approach without GPS, establishing radio contact with the appropriate air traffic control (ATC) facility is crucial. Here’s a detailed guide on how to do it:

Step 1: Tune to the Common Traffic Advisory Frequency (CTAF)

Start by tuning your radio to the CTAF, which is a designated frequency that pilots use to communicate with each other and ground personnel at non-towered airports. The CTAF frequency varies depending on the airport, typically in the 122.75-122.95 MHz range. Once tuned in, listen for any ongoing conversations.

Step 2: Identify the Control Tower or Approach Facility

If you’re at a towered airport, identify the control tower frequency by listening for the ATC’s transmissions. Once you have the correct frequency, switch to it and make your initial call.

If you’re at a non-towered airport, you’ll need to contact the approach facility responsible for the area. Typically, this will be an Automated Flight Service Station (AFSS) or a Terminal Radar Approach Control (TRACON). You can find the frequency for the appropriate approach facility in the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) or by calling the nearest Flight Service Station.

Step 3: Make Your Initial Call

Once you’ve tuned to the correct frequency, make your initial call in the following format:

Item	Example
Aircraft ID	Cessna 172, November Alpha Bravo Charlie
Location	5 miles west of the airport
Intention	Requesting ILS approach to runway 25
Altitude (optional)	4,500 feet

Be clear and concise in your transmission, and make sure to speak slowly so that the controller can understand you.

Interception and Tracking the Localizer

To intercept the localizer, tune your navigation radio to the appropriate frequency. The localizer is identified by a three-letter identifier and a frequency in the 108.00 to 111.95 MHz range. Once the radio is tuned, you will hear a Morse code identifier corresponding to the localizer’s identifier. The localizer’s signal is represented on the navigation display as a vertical line. To intercept the localizer, fly your aircraft towards the line until it is centered on the display.

Once the localizer is intercepted, track it by keeping the vertical line centered on the display. The localizer provides lateral guidance, meaning it will help you maintain a course that is aligned with the runway centerline. If the vertical line begins to move to the left or right, make a corresponding adjustment to your heading to bring it back to center.

The localizer has a full-scale deflection of 10 degrees, which means that the aircraft can be up to 10 degrees off course before the needle will start to deflect. This is a relatively wide tolerance, so it is important to pay attention to the needle and make corrections as needed to stay on course.

Advanced Localizer Tracking Techniques

In addition to basic tracking, there are a few advanced techniques that can help you improve your localizer tracking accuracy:

• Use the DME to cross-check your position. The distance measuring equipment (DME) can be used to measure the distance to the localizer. By comparing the DME reading to the distance shown on the approach plate, you can verify that you are on the correct track.
• Anticipate localizer bends. Some localizers have bends in them. These bends are usually indicated on the approach plate. When approaching a bend, be prepared to make a corresponding adjustment to your heading.
• Use the crosswind correction. If there is a crosswind, the aircraft will need to be flown at an angle to the localizer to compensate for the wind. The amount of crosswind correction required can be determined using a crosswind calculator or by referring to the approach plate.

By following these tips, you can improve your localizer tracking accuracy and ensure a safe and successful ILS approach.

Aligning with the Glideslope

Once established on the localizer, you will need to intercept and align with the glideslope. The glideslope is an electronic beam that provides vertical guidance to the runway, ensuring you descend at the correct angle.

Intercepting the Glideslope

To intercept the glideslope, fly a constant rate of turn towards the runway heading while monitoring the glideslope indicator. When the needle on the indicator moves to the center, you have intercepted the glideslope.

Aligning with the Glideslope

Once intercepted, you need to align with the glideslope by adjusting your descent rate. Here’s a more detailed explanation of how to align:

1. Above the Glideslope: If the glideslope needle is above the center, increase your descent rate slightly until it aligns with the center.
2. Below the Glideslope: If the needle is below the center, decrease your descent rate gradually until it aligns with the center.
3. On the Glideslope: When the needle is centered, you are perfectly aligned with the glideslope and can continue your approach.
4. Crosswind Correction: In crosswind conditions, you may need to adjust your crab angle to maintain alignment with the glideslope. Use your heading indicator to ensure you remain on the runway heading.

Glideslope Indicator Position	Adjustment
Above Center	Increase descent rate
Below Center	Decrease descent rate
Center	Aligned with the glideslope

Maintaining on the Approach Path

Once the aircraft is established on the localizer and glideslope, it is important to maintain a stable approach path. This can be done by using the aircraft’s flight instruments and visual cues outside.

To maintain the localizer, the pilot should keep the aircraft’s heading aligned with the runway heading. This can be done by using the heading indicator or by visually aligning the aircraft with the runway.

To maintain the glideslope, the pilot should keep the aircraft’s pitch attitude aligned with the glideslope intercept angle. This can be done by using the attitude indicator or by visually aligning the aircraft with the approach lights.

In addition to using the flight instruments, the pilot can also use visual cues outside to maintain the approach path.

Visual Cues

Some of the visual cues that can be used to maintain the approach path include:

Visual Cue	How to Use
Runway lights	Align the aircraft with the runway lights.
Approach lights	Align the aircraft with the approach lights.
VASI	Use the VASI lights to determine if the aircraft is above, on, or below the glideslope.
PAPI	Use the PAPI lights to determine if the aircraft is above, on, or below the glideslope.

Monitoring Visual Cues

1. Runway Environment

Identify prominent landmarks, such as terminals, taxiways, and approach lights. Observe the runway orientation, length, and any obstacles.

2. Runway Threshold

Locate the runway threshold lights, which mark the start of the runway. Aim for a point just beyond these lights.

3. Runway Centerline

Follow the runway centerline lights, which guide you down the runway’s center. Keep your aircraft aligned with these lights.

4. Glide Path Indicators (GPIs)

Observe the GPIs, a row of lights that slope up or down. Aim to keep the aircraft aligned with the reference point on the GPIs.

5. Touchdown Zone

Identify the touchdown zone lights, which mark the area where you should aim to land. Adjust your descent rate accordingly.

6. Visual Approach Slope Indicator (VASI)

The VASI is a system of lights that provide visual guidance for the final approach. The lights will appear

Light Color	Approximiate Glide Path Angle
White	3.0°
Red and White	3.75°
Red	5.5°

Aim to keep your aircraft aligned with the desired glide path angle.

7. Runway Lights

Monitor the runway lights, which illuminate the runway and approach path. Use these lights for situational awareness and to adjust your approach.

8. Windsock

Observe the windsock to determine the wind direction and intensity. Adjust your approach path accordingly.

Flaring and Touchdown

Once you are aligned with the runway and on the glideslope, you will begin to flare the aircraft. This is done by gradually pulling back on the control yoke or stick, which will cause the aircraft’s nose to rise and the airspeed to decrease.

As you flare, you will also need to reduce power. This will help to slow the aircraft down and allow it to land smoothly.

Touchdown

Once the aircraft is close to the runway, you will touch down on the main landing gear. This should be done gently, as any hard landing can damage the aircraft.

After landing, you will need to apply the brakes to slow the aircraft down. Once the aircraft is slow enough, you can taxi to the parking area.

Here are some additional tips for flaring and touchdown:

• Start flaring when the aircraft is about 20 feet above the runway.
• Flare gradually, and avoid pulling back on the yoke or stick too quickly.
• Reduce power as you flare.
• Touch down gently on the main landing gear.
• Apply the brakes to slow the aircraft down.
• Taxi to the parking area.

Flaring and Touchdown	Description
Start flaring when the aircraft is about 20 feet above the runway.	This will give you enough time to flare gradually and avoid a hard landing.
Flare gradually, and avoid pulling back on the yoke or stick too quickly.	Pulling back too quickly can cause the aircraft to stall.
Reduce power as you flare.	This will help to slow the aircraft down and make the landing smoother.
Touch down gently on the main landing gear.	Any hard landing can damage the aircraft.
Apply the brakes to slow the aircraft down.	This will help to prevent the aircraft from overrunning the runway.
Taxi to the parking area.	Once the aircraft is slow enough, you can taxi to the parking area.

Transition to Visual Guidance

Once the aircraft has reached the MDA or DH, the pilot will transition to visual guidance to complete the approach. The transition to visual guidance can be a challenging task, especially in low-visibility conditions. There are a few key steps that pilots must follow to ensure a safe transition to visual guidance:

1. Scan for traffic. Before transitioning to visual guidance, the pilot must scan for other aircraft in the vicinity. This includes both aircraft that are on the approach and aircraft that are in the traffic pattern.
2. Identify the runway environment. The pilot must identify the runway environment, including the runway, taxiways, and obstacles. This will help the pilot to orient themselves and to make the transition to visual guidance more smoothly.
3. Establish a visual glidepath. The pilot must establish a visual glidepath to the runway. This can be done by using the runway lights, the VASI lights, or the PAPI lights. The pilot must also use their peripheral vision to maintain a level of awareness of their surroundings.
4. Fly the aircraft to the runway. Once the pilot has established a visual glidepath, they can fly the aircraft to the runway. The pilot must use their flight controls to make any necessary adjustments to their flight path.
5. Land the aircraft. Once the aircraft is on the runway, the pilot will land the aircraft using the normal landing procedures.
6. Taxi to the ramp. After landing, the pilot will taxi the aircraft to the ramp. The pilot must follow the taxi instructions from the air traffic controller.
7. Shut down the aircraft. Once the aircraft is on the ramp, the pilot will shut down the aircraft. The pilot must follow the shutdown procedures for the aircraft.
8. Secure the aircraft. Once the aircraft is shut down, the pilot must secure the aircraft. This includes locking the doors and windows, and covering the aircraft.

Step	Action
1	Scan for traffic.
2	Identify the runway environment
3	Establish a visual glidepath
4	Fly the aircraft to the runway
5	Land the aircraft
6	Taxi to the ramp
7	Shut down the aircraft
8	Secure the aircraft

Troubleshooting Common Issues

1. No Localizer Signal

Check if the aircraft is within the lateral coverage of the ILS. Ensure that the VOR/LOC receiver is properly tuned and functioning.

2. No Glide Slope Signal

Check if the aircraft is within the vertical coverage of the ILS. Verify that the glide slope receiver is correctly tuned and that the aircraft is not below the glide slope.

3. Incorrect Course or Glide Slope Indication

Re-tune the VOR/LOC or glide slope receiver as necessary. Cross-check with another navigation source to confirm accuracy.

4. Unstable Needle or Glide Slope Deviation

Reduce speed or adjust heading/pitch to stabilize the needle or deviation. Consider turbulence or crosswinds that may affect the aircraft’s flight path.

5. False Signals

Check for other nearby ILS frequencies or signal interference. Cross-check with other navigation aids to verify the correct ILS signal.

6. No DME Information

Ensure that the DME receiver is functioning properly and tuned to the correct frequency. Check if the aircraft is within DME coverage.

7. Inability to Capture Localizer or Glide Slope

Reduce speed or adjust heading/pitch to intercept the localizer or glide slope. Re-check the ILS frequency and aircraft navigation settings.

8. Excessive Crosswind

Consider the crosswind component and adjust the heading accordingly. Maintain a safe bank angle to avoid excessive roll or sideslip.

9. Loss of Signal Near Runway

This can occur due to terrain obstructions or signal reflections.

• Near the Runway Threshold: Reduce speed, maintain a stable approach, and use visual cues for alignment.
• Over the Runway: Continue with caution and crosswind correction. Monitor other navigation aids or visual references for guidance.

Safety Considerations

1. Situational Awareness

Never fly into an unfamiliar airport without proper preparation. Familiarize yourself with the airport layout, airspace, and instrument procedures well in advance.

2. Primary Avionics

Ensure your primary avionics, including navigation instruments and radios, are fully operational and calibrated. Carry backup batteries or power supplies in case of emergencies.

3. Weather Conditions

Assess the weather conditions thoroughly. Visibility, cloud cover, and wind must be within allowable limits for ILS approaches. Consider alternate plans in case of marginal weather.

4. Fuel Reserves

Calculate sufficient fuel reserves for your flight, including extra fuel for holding or missed approaches. Monitor fuel consumption carefully throughout the procedure.

5. Pilot Proficiency

Only attempt ILS approaches if you have the necessary skill and proficiency. Practice simulating approaches in a flight simulator or with an instructor before attempting them in real-life.

6. Instrument Rating

Possess a valid instrument rating and have recent instrument experience. This ensures you are qualified to fly in instrument conditions and are familiar with the procedures involved.

7. Aircraft Capabilities

Ensure your aircraft is equipped with the necessary avionics and systems to support ILS approaches. Check if your aircraft has an ILS receiver, glideslope indicator, and localizer indicator.

8. Obstacles and Terrain

Be aware of any obstacles or terrain that might interfere with your approach. Consult charts and airport diagrams to identify potential hazards.

9. Passenger Safety

Inform passengers about the procedure and ensure they are secured properly. Communicate altitude changes and any expected turbulence to minimize discomfort or anxiety.

10. Decision-Making Process

Throughout the approach, continuously assess your situation, monitor aircraft performance, and make informed decisions. Abort the approach if conditions deteriorate or if you encounter any unexpected obstacles. Table below summarizes the key decision points:

Decision Point	Action
Initial Approach	Continue if visibility and weather are acceptable
Outer Marker	Go missed if glideslope or localizer are not intercepted
Middle Marker	Go missed if visual contact with the runway is not established
1000 Feet AGL	Go missed if visual contact with the runway is not established

How To Do An Ils Approach Without Gps

An ILS (Instrument Landing System) approach is a precision approach that uses radio signals to guide an aircraft to the runway. ILS approaches can be flown without GPS, but it requires a higher level of pilot skill and situational awareness.

To perform an ILS approach without GPS, you will need to use the following equipment:

* An ILS receiver
* A navigation display
* A flight director (optional)

Once you have the necessary equipment, you can begin the ILS approach by flying to the initial approach fix (IAF). The IAF is a point in space that is typically located 5-10 miles from the runway. Once you reach the IAF, you will need to tune your ILS receiver to the appropriate frequency. The ILS frequency will be published on the approach chart.

Once you have tuned your ILS receiver, you will need to identify the localizer and glideslope needles. The localizer needle will indicate your lateral deviation from the runway centerline, and the glideslope needle will indicate your vertical deviation from the desired glideslope. You will need to fly the aircraft so that the needles are centered.

As you approach the runway, you will need to begin to descend along the glideslope. The glideslope will typically be set to a 3-degree angle. You will need to maintain a constant rate of descent until you reach the runway.

Once you reach the runway, you will need to land the aircraft as usual. ILS approaches can be challenging, but they are a safe and effective way to land an aircraft in low visibility conditions.

People Also Ask

What is an ILS approach?

An ILS (Instrument Landing System) approach is a precision approach that uses radio signals to guide an aircraft to the runway.

How do I fly an ILS approach without GPS?

To fly an ILS approach without GPS, you will need to use an ILS receiver, a navigation display, and a flight director (optional).

What is the difference between an ILS and a GPS approach?

ILS approaches are more precise than GPS approaches, but they require a higher level of pilot skill and situational awareness.